Another technique is to partition large tables, which involves splitting them into smaller, more manageable pieces based on a specific criterion such as ranges of values. This can help distribute the data across multiple physical storage locations, improving query performance.

Using database caching, either by utilizing built-in database caching mechanisms or implementing a caching layer, can also enhance performance. Caching frequently accessed queries or results in memory reduces the need to retrieve data from disk, resulting in significant performance gains.

One approach is to use indexes strategically by identifying frequently accessed columns or computed columns and creating indexes on them. Additionally, optimizing queries by using appropriate join conditions, reducing the number of subqueries, and avoiding unnecessary data manipulation can also improve performance.