Alternatively, denormalization is an approach where redundant data is introduced into the database schema to eliminate the need for joins, thereby improving performance. However, caution should be exercised as denormalization can introduce data integrity issues and increase storage requirements.

One way to enhance query performance in large databases is by indexing. Indexing involves creating data structures that allow faster retrieval of data based on specific column values. By indexing frequently queried columns and avoiding excessive indexing, you can significantly speed up your queries.

In addition to indexing, another technique is query optimization. This involves rewriting SQL queries or reorganizing database structures to minimize the number of disk operations required. Techniques like query plan analysis, using correct join algorithms, and avoiding subqueries can optimize query execution.